Key Takeaways from the Research Article, "Work Flexibility and Job Satisfaction: Shifting Workplace Norms"

Explore how work flexibility impacts job satisfaction in the evolving workplace. This study reveals the benefits of hybrid work, the importance of autonomy, and strategies for fostering work-life balance to boost employee engagement and retention.

   

Purpose of the Study 

The study examines the relationship between work flexibility and job satisfaction, especially in the evolving workplace landscape after the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores how different flexible work arrangements impact job satisfaction, work-life balance, and organizational commitment. 

Key Findings 

  • Flexible Work Increases Job Satisfaction: Employees with greater flexibility, particularly the ability to work from home part-time, reported the highest job satisfaction. 
  • Work-Life Balance Matters: Job satisfaction improves when employees have the flexibility to handle family matters without work interference. However, excessive flexibility can blur work-life boundaries, leading to stress. 
  • Autonomy is a Key Factor: Employees who can control their schedules, work hours, and daily tasks experience higher job satisfaction. 
  • Gender Differences:  
    • Women value job autonomy, promotional opportunities, and lower physical work intensity more than men. 
    • Men prioritize job security, coworker relationships, and work flexibility (e.g., working from home). 
  • Negative Effects of Remote Work:  
    • Employees working fully remote may miss social interaction, leading to reduced engagement. 
    • The best balance is a hybrid model—working from home often but not always. 

Theoretical Contributions 

  • Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000): Highlights that autonomy, competence, and relatedness drive job satisfaction. 
  • Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Work flexibility can be a motivator (e.g., trust and autonomy) but also a dissatisfaction source (e.g., lack of boundaries). 
  • Spillover Theory: Work-life balance influences personal well-being, job satisfaction, and overall life satisfaction. 

Practical Implications for Organizations 

  • Promote Work-Life Balance: Implement flexible scheduling, parental leave, mental health days, and policies that support family needs. 
  • Adopt a Hybrid Work Model: Employees thrive when they can work from home but also engage in in-person collaboration. 
  • Encourage Autonomy: Allow employees to organize their daily work and schedules within company guidelines. 
  • Address Gender-Specific Needs: Tailor policies to support both men’s and women’s job satisfaction factors. 

Future Research Directions 

  • Conduct longitudinal studies to track how job satisfaction evolves with work flexibility over time. 
  • Expand research beyond the U.S. to understand cultural differences in work flexibility preferences. 
  • Explore the impact of flexibility on underrepresented groups (e.g., caregivers, non-binary employees). 

Conclusion 

The study confirms that work flexibility plays a crucial role in job satisfaction, with employees preferring structured autonomy over rigid or excessively flexible work arrangements. Organizations that embrace hybrid work models, autonomy, and work-life balance policies can enhance employee engagement, retention, and performance. 

Full article: https://articlegateway.com/index.php/JMPP/article/view/6151  

References

Adisa, T.A., Gbabamosi, G., & Osabutey, E.L.C. (2016). Work-family balance: A case analysis  of coping strategies adopted by Nigerian and British working mothers. Gender in Management:  An International Journal, 31(7), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-01-2016-0010 

Alvarez, G., & Sinde-Cantorna, A.I. (2013). Self-employment and job satisfaction: An empirical Analysis. International Journal of Manpower, 35(5), 688–702. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10419/228453 

Ana, C., Gisela, D., & Tatiane, P. (2019). Do human resources policies and practices produce  resilient public servants? Evidence of the validity of a structural model and measurement  models. Revista Brasileira de Gestao de Negocios, 21(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.7819/rbgn.v21i1.3965 

Andrade, M.S., & Westover, J.H. (2018a). Generational differences in work quality characteristics and job satisfaction. Evidence-Based HRM, 6(3), 287–304.  https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-03-2018-0020 

Andrade, M.S., & Westover, J.H. (2018b). Revisiting the impact of age on job satisfaction: A  global comparative examination. The Global Studies Journal, 1(4), 1–24.  

https://doi.org/10.18848/1835-4432/CGP/v11i04/1-24 

Andrade, M.S., & Westover, J.H. (2019). Global comparisons of job satisfaction across occupational categories. Evidence-Based Human Resource Management, 8(1), 38–59. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-09-2019-0086 

Andrade, M.S., Schill, A., Westover, J.H., & King, C. (2021). A cross-national comparison: Job satisfaction and gender. Journal of Business Diversity, 21(3), 1–34. 

https://doi.org/10.33423/jbd.v21i3 

Andrade, M.S., Westover J.H., & Peterson, J. (2019). Job satisfaction and gender. Journal of  Business Diversity, 19(3), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.33423/jbd.v19i3.2211 

Andrade, M.S., Westover, J.H., & Kupka, A. (2019). The role of work-life balance and worker scheduling flexibility in predicting global comparative job satisfaction. International Journal of  Human Resource Studies, 9(2), 80–115. 

Andreassi, J.K., Lawter, L., Brockerhoff, M., & Rutigliano, P.J. (2014). Cultural impact of human resource practices on job satisfaction. Cross Cultural Management, 21(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCM-05-2012-0044 

Aruldoss, A., Kowalski, K.B., & Parayitam, S. (2021). The relationship between quality of work life and work-life-balance mediating role of job stress, job satisfaction and job commitment: Evidence from India. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 18(1), 36–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-05-2020-0082 

Baltes, B.B., Clark, M.A., & Chakrabarti, M. (2010). Work-life balance: The roles of work family conflict and work-family satisfaction. In P.A. Lineley, S. Harrington, & N. Garcea  (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work (pp. 201–211). Oxford University Press. 

Bauer, T., & Dixit, J. (2021, October 7). The state of discontent: What’s really behind the great resignation. NeuroLeadership. Retrieved from https://neuroleadership.com/your-brain-at-work/the-state-of-discontent-1-great-resignation?psafe_param=1&utm_term=&utm_campaign=Solutions+-+NA&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=6445333425&hsa_cam=15017298938&hsa_grp=135603230083&hsa_ad=594742821016&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=dsa-19959388920&hsa_kw=&hsa_mt=&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gclid=CjwKCAjw5dqgBhNEiwA7PryaBbZEJa0xIjSPelrGV
NqKi25quSJwgQ70Nsa0DhW2oWJAHTcT6dArxoCbiYQA
D_BwE  

Beham, B., & Drobnič, S. (2010). Satisfaction with work-family balance among German office workers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(6), 669–689.  

https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011056987 

Bender, K.A., Donohue, S.A., & Heywood, J.S. (2005). Job satisfaction and gender segregation. Oxford Economic Papers, 57(3), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpi015 

Benedetti, I., Laureti, T., & Regoli, A. (2020). The native-migrant gap in job satisfaction across European countries. International Journal of Manpower, 42(4), 604–627.  https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-09-2019-0432 

Benz, M., & Frey, B.S. (2008). Being independent is a great thing: Subjective evaluations of  self-employment and hierarchy. Economica, 75(298), 362–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00594.x 

Blau, G. (1994). Developing and testing a taxonomy of lateness behavior. Journal of Applied  Psychology, 79(6), 959–970. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.959 

 Bokemeier, J.L., & William, B.L. (1987). Job values, rewards, and work conditions as factors in job satisfaction among men and women. The Sociological Quarterly, 28(2), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1987.tb00290.x 

Boston College Center for Work & Family. (2020). COVID-19 impact on women in the workplace. Retrieved from https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/cwf/research/Publication%20Images/COVID%20stand-alone%2012-7-20.pdf 

 Cai, L., Shumaila, N., Muhammad, A., Basil, K., & Majid, M. (2019). An empirical investigation on the relationship between a high-performance work system and employee performance: Measuring a mediation model through partial least squares–structural equation modeling. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 12, 397–416.  https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S195533 

Cherif, F. (2020). The role of human resource management practices and employee job satisfaction in predicting organizational commitment in Saudi Arabian banking sector. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(7/8), 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-10-2019-0216 

Christian, M.S., Garza, A.S., & Slaughter, J.E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x

Chung, H. (2020, March 30). Return of the 1950s housewife? How to stop coronavirus lockdown reinforcing sexist gender roles. The Conversation. Retrieved from 

https://theconversation.com/return-of-the-1950s-housewife-how-to-stop-coronavirus-lockdown-reinforcing-sexistgender-roles-134851 

Clark, A. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(97)00010-9 

Conte, J.M., Aasen, G., Jacobson, C., O’Loughlin, C., & Toroslu, L. (2019). Investigating relationships among polychronicity, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and work engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(7), 459–473.  https://10.1108/JMP-01-20180046 

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (Eds.) (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. University of Rochester Press. Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., Ryan, R.M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627–668. Deloitte. (2020). Understanding the pandemic’s impact on working women. Retrieved from https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/legacy/docs/about/2022/gx-about-deloitte-understanding-the-pandemic-s-impact-on-working-women.pdf 

Dey, T., & O’Neil, M. (2021). COVID-19: An opportunity to reset policy levers for better gender equality in the economy and society. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 24(2), 145–173. Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ozl:journl:v:24:y:2021:i:2:p:145-174 

Donohue, S., & Heywood, J. (2004). Job satisfaction, comparison income and gender: Evidence from the NLSY. International Journal of Manpower, 25(2), 211–234. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720410536007 

Feldman, D.C., & Gainey, T.W. (1997). Patterns of telecommuting and their consequences: Framing the research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 7(4), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(97)90025-5 

Fields, D.L., & Blum, T.C. (1997). Employee satisfaction in work groups with different gender composition. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(2), 181–196. 

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199703)18:2<181::AID-JOB799>3.0.CO;2-M 

Frischmann, B. (2009). Spillovers theory and its conceptual boundaries. William and Mary Law Review, 51(2), 801–824. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol51/iss2/13 

Gajendran, R.S., & Harrison, D.A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: A meta-analysis of the psychological mediators and individual consequencesJournal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524 

Golden, T.D. (2006), The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.369 

Greenhaus, J.H., & Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92.  

https://doi.org/10.2307/20159186 

Grzywacz, J.G., Arcury, T.A., Marin, A., Carillo, L., Burke, B., Coates, M.L., & Quandt, S.A. (2007). Work-family conflict: Experiences and health implications among immigrant Latinos. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1119–1130. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1119 

Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. 

Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign. Addison-Wesley. 

Harrison, D.A., Newman, D.A., & Roth, P.L. (2006). How important are job attitudes? Meta-Analytic comparisons of integrative outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 305–325. 

Hassan, Z., Dollard, M.F., & Winefield, A.H. (2010). Work-family conflict in east vs Western Countries. Cross Cultural Management, 17(1), 30–49.  

https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601011016899 

Herzberg, F. (1964). The motivation-hygiene concept and problems of manpower. Personnel Administration, 27, 3–7. 

Herzberg, F. (1969). Job enrichment pays off. Harvard Business Review, 47(2), 61–78. 

Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B.B. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd Ed.). 

Hill, E.J., Miller, B.C., Weiner, S.P., & Colihan, J. (1998). Influences of virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance. Personnel Psychology, 51(3), 667–683.  

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00256.x 

Hodson, R. (2002). Demography or respect? Work group demography versus organizational dynamics as determinants of meaning and satisfaction at work. The British Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 291– 317. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071310220133359. 

Hunter, E., Clark, M., & Carlson, D. (2019). Violating work-family boundaries: Reactions to interruptions at work and home. Journal of Management, 45(3), 1284–1308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317702221 

International Social Survey Program. (2015). Work orientations IV. Retrieved from https://www.gesis.org/issp/modules/issp-modules-by-topic/work-orientations/2015/ 

Isfianadewi, D., & Noordyani, A. (2020). Implementation of coping strategy in work-family conflict on job stress and job satisfaction: Social support as moderation variable. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Research, 9(2), 223–238. Retrieved from http://buscompress.com/uploads/3/4/9/8/34980536/riber_9-s2_38_k19-104_223-239.pdf 

Judge, T.A., Thoresen, C.J., Bono, J.E., & Patton, G.K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3),  376–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376 

Kalliath, P., & Kalliath, T. (2014). Work-family conflict: Coping strategies adopted by social workers. Journal of Social Work Practice, 28(1), 111–126.  

https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2013.828278 

Kalliath, P., Kalliath, T., Chan, X.W., & Chan, C. (2020). Enhancing job satisfaction through work-family enrichment and perceived supervisor support: The case of Australian social workers. Personnel Review, 49(9), 2055–2072. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2018-0219 

Konrad, A., Corrigall, E., Lieb, P., & Ritchie, J. (2000). Sex differences in job attribute preferences among managers and business students. Group and Organization Management,  25(2), 108–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601100252002 

Korunka, C., Hoonakker, P., & Carayon, P. (2008). Quality of working life and turnover intention in information technology work. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing18(4), 409– 423. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20099 

Kurland, N.B., & Bailey, D.E. (1999). Telework: The advantages and challenges of working here, there, anywhere, and anytime. Organizational Dynamics, 28(2), 53–68.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(00)80016-9 

Lourel, M., Ford, M.T., Gamassou, C.E., Guéguen, N., & Hartmann, A. (2009). Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910959762 

Marsh, K., & Musson, G. (2008). Men at work and at home: Managing emotion in telework. Gender, Work, & Organization, 15(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14680432.2007.00353.x 

Martinez-Sanchez, A., Perez-Perez, M., Vela-Jimenez, M.J., & Abella-Garces, S. (2020). Job satisfaction and work-family policies through work-family enrichment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(4/5), 386–402. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2017-0376 

Mas-Machuca, R., Bergegal-Mirabent, J., & Alegre, I. (2016). Work-life balance and its relationship with organizational pride and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 586–602. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0272 

Matijaš, M., Merkaš, M., & Brdovčak, B. (2018). Job resources and satisfaction across gender: the role of work-family conflict. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(4/5), 372–385. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2017-0306 

McDaniel, B.T., O’Connor, K., & Drouin, M. (2021). Work-related technoference at home and feelings of work spillover, overload, life satisfaction and job satisfaction. InternationalJournal of Workplace Health Management, 14(5), 526–541. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-11-2020-0197 

McKinsey & Company. (2022, October 18). Women in the workplace 2022. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace 

McKinsey & Company. (2022, June 23). Americans are embracing flexible work—and they  want more of it. McKinsey Insights. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/real-estate/our-insights/americans-are-embracing-flexible-work-and-they-want-more-of-it  

Mehwish, J., Abeera, A., Aideed, B., & Tania, H. (2019). Human resource practices and organizational commitment: The mediating role of job satisfaction in emerging economy. Cogent Business and Management, 6(1), 1608668.  https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1608668 

 

Mellner, C. (2016). After-hour availability work expectations, work-related smartphone use  

During leisure, and psychological detachment: The moderating role of boundary control.  

International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 9(2), 146–164.  

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWHM-07-2015-0050 

 

Mobley, G.M., Jaret, C., Marsh, K., & Lim, Y.Y. (1994). Mentoring, job satisfaction, gender,  

and the legal profession. Sex Roles, 31(1/2), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01560278 

 

Moore, J.E. (2000). Why is this happening? A causal attribution approach to work exhaustion 

consequences. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 335–349.  

https://doi.org/10.2307/259017 

 

Morganson, V.J., Major, E.A., Oborn, K.L., Verive, J.M., & Heelan, M.P. (2010). Comparing  

Telework locations and traditional work arrangements: Differences in work-life balance support, 

job satisfaction, and inclusion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(6), 578–595. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011056941 

 

Moro, S., Ramos, R.F., & Rita, P. (2021). What drives job satisfaction in IT companies?  

International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 70(2), 391–407. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-03-2019-0124 

 

Nadeem, M.S., & Abbas, Q. (2009). The impact of work life conflict on job satisfaction of  

employees in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(5), 63–83. 

https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n5p63 

 

Origo, F., & Pagani, L., (2008). Workplace flexibility and job satisfaction: Some evidence from  

Europe. International Journal of Manpower, 29(6), 539–566. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720810904211 

 

Oyewobi, L.O., Oke, A.E., Toyin, D.A., & Jimoh, R.A. (2019). Influence of organizational 

Commitment on work-life balance and organizational performance of female construction  

Professionals. Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 26(10), 2243–2263. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/ecam-07-2018-0277 

 

Partridge, J. (2021, November 20). Flexible working: ‘A system set up for women to fail.’ The  

Guardian. Retrieved from  

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/20/flexible-working-a-system-set-up-for-women- 

to-fail 

 

Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2018). Crafting the change: The role of employee  

Job crafting behaviors for successful organizational change. Journal of Management, 44(5),  

1766–1792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315624961 

 

Peunte, A.C.F., & Sánchez- Sánchez, N.M. (2019). Once in the public sector, do differences in  

Job satisfaction by gender disappear? Review of Public Economics, 234(3), 75–104. 

https://dx.doi.org/10.7866/HPE-RPE.20.3.4 

Pink, D. (2009). Drive. Riverhead Books. Power, K. (2020). The COVID pandemic has  

increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy,  

16(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561 

 

Pradhan, R.K., Jena, L.K., & Kumari, I.G. (2016). Effect of work life balance on organizational 

citizenship behavior: Role of organizational commitment. Global Business Review, 17(3), 15S– 

29S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150916631071 

 

Riketta, M. (2008). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis  

of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 

9010.93.2.472 Rogers, B. (2020, August 26). Not in the same boat: Career progression in the  

pandemic. Qualtrics XM. Retrieved from  

https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/inequitable-effects-of-pandemic-on-careers/ 

 

Ronda, L., Ollo-López, A., & Goñi-Legas, S. (2016). Family-friendly practices, high- 

performance work practices, and work-family balance. How do job satisfaction and working  

hours affect this relationship? Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican  

Academy of Management, 14(2), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-02-2016-0633 

 

Roxburgh, S. (1999). Exploring the work and family relationship: gender differences in the  

influence of parenthood and social support on job satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 20(6),  

771–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251399020006003 

 

Russell, H., O’Connell, P.J., & McGinnity, F. (2009). The impact of flexible working  

arrangements on work-life conflict and work pressure in Ireland. Gender, Work & Organization, 

16(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00431.x 

 

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic  

motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. 

 

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination  

Theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary  

Educational Psychology, 61(2020), 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860 

 

Scandura, T.A., & Lankau, M.J. (1997). Relationships of gender, family responsibility and  

flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of  

Organizational Behavior, 18(4), 337–391.  

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)10991379(199707)18:4<377::AID-JOB807>3.0.CO;2-1 

 

Schlachter, D., Mcdowall, A., Cropley, M., & Inceoglu, I. (2018). Voluntary work-related  

technology use during non-work time: A narrative synthesis of empirical research and research  

Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(4), 825–846. 

https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12165 

 

Shuck, B., Reio, T.R., & Rocco, T. (2011). Employee engagement: An examination of  

antecedent and outcome variables. Human Resource Development International, 14(4), 427– 

  1. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2011.601587

 

Siha, S.M., & Monroe, R.W. (2006). Telecommuting’s past and future: A literature review and  

Research agenda. Business Process Management Journal, 12(4), 455–482. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/14637150610678078 

 

Smagina, O. (2020). Gender and job satisfaction in higher education institution: Case study from 

Uzbekistan. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 7(2), 219–229. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v7i2.392 

 

Sousa-Pouza A., & Sousa-Pouza A.A. (2000). Well-being at work: A cross-national analysis of  

the levels and determinants of job satisfaction. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(6), 517–538. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(00)00085-8 

 

Sparrow, P.R. (2000). New employee behaviours, work designs and forms of work organization: 

What is in store for the future of work? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(3), 202–218. 

https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940010320561 

 

Spector, P.E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences. Sage 

Publications. Steidelmuller, C., Meyer, S.C., & Muller, G. (2020). Home-based telework and  

presenteeism across Europe. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(12),  

998–1005. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001992 

 

Thein, H.H., Auste, S., Currie, J., & Lewin, E. (2010). The impact of cultural context on the  

perception of work-family balance by professional women in Singapore and Hong Kong.  

InternationalJournal of Cross Cultural Management, 10(3), 303–320.  

https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595810384585 

 

Thompson, R.J. (2022). Changing realities for women and work: The impact of COVID 19 and  

Prospects for the post-pandemic workplace. Merits, 2(3), 164–169. 

https://doi.org/10.3390/merits2030012 

 

Towers, I., Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., & Thomas, J. (2006). Time thieves and space invaders:  

Technology, work and the organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19(5),  

593–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810610686076 

 

VerPlanck, J., & Stewart, J. (2021, August 12). You can’t stop the great resignation. But you  

can do this. NeuroLeadership. Retrieved from  

https://neuroleadership.com/your-brain-at-work/the-great-resignation-former-employees 

 

Vijaya, T.G., & Hemamalini, R. (2012). Impact of work life balance on organizational  

Commitment among bank employees. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and  

Humanities, 2(2), 159–171. 

 

Westover, J.H. (2009). A cross-national look at the changing nature of gender differences in  

perceived job satisfaction. International Journal of Global Business and Economics, 2(1), 62- 

https://doi.org/10.1108/20412561211260557

 

Wu, J., & Zhou, J. (2020). How the configurations of job autonomy, work-family interference,  

And demographics boost job satisfaction: An empirical study using fsQCA. Asian Business & 

Management, 21, 547–568. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00138-8 

 

Yang, J., & Yin, C. (2020). Exploring boundary conditions of the impact of accessibility to  

Mobile networks on employees’ perceptions of presenteeism: From both individual and social 

perspectives. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(4), 881–895. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09898-x  

Yang, N., Chen, C., Choi, J., & Zou, Y. (2000). Sources of work-family conflict: A sino-US  comparison of the effects of work and family demands. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556390 

Zhao, X., & Ghiselli, R. (2016). Why do you feel stressed in a “smile factory”? Hospitality job characteristics influence work-family conflict and job stress. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(2), 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2014-0385 

Zou, M. (2015). Gender, work orientations and job satisfaction. Work, Employment and Society29(1), 3– 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014559267